Silicio



A forest of synthetic pyramidaldendrites generated in silico using Cajal's laws of neuronal branching

‎Silicio brings the album artwork and song information right to your desktop. Control your music player without ever leaving your current app. Enjoy the Desktop Mini Player. Experience high-quality album artwork. Choose between small, medium and large mini player sizes. Customize the min. Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre, and is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor. In biology and other experimental sciences, an in silico experiment is one performed on computer or via computer simulation.The phrase is pseudo-Latin for 'in silicon', referring to silicon in computer chips. Silica refractories are made from quartzites and silica gravel deposits with low alumina and alkali contents. They are chemically bonded with 3–3.5 percent lime. Silica refractories have good load resistance at high temperatures, are abrasion-resistant, and are particularly suited to.

Propiedades Del Silicio

In biology and other experimental sciences, an in silico experiment is one performed on computer or via computer simulation. The phrase is pseudo-Latin for 'in silicon', referring to silicon in computer chips. It was coined in 1987 as an allusion to the Latin phrases in vivo, in vitro, and in situ, which are commonly used in biology (especially systems biology). The latter phrases refer, respectively, to experiments done in living organisms, outside living organisms, and where they are found in nature.

History[edit]

The earliest known use of the phrase was by Christopher Langton to describe artificial life, in the announcement of a workshop on that subject at the Center for Nonlinear Studies at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1987.[1][2] The expression in silico was first used to characterize biological experiments carried out entirely in a computer in 1989, in the workshop 'Cellular Automata: Theory and Applications' in Los Alamos, New Mexico, by Pedro Miramontes, a mathematician from National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), presenting the report 'DNA and RNA Physicochemical Constraints, Cellular Automata and Molecular Evolution'. The work was later presented by Miramontes as his PhDdissertation.[3]

In silico has been used in white papers written to support the creation of bacterial genome programs by the Commission of the European Community. The first referenced paper where 'in silico' appears was written by a French team in 1991.[4] The first referenced book chapter where 'in silico' appears was written by Hans B. Sieburg in 1990 and presented during a Summer School on Complex Systems at the Santa Fe Institute.[5]

The phrase 'in silico' originally applied only to computer simulations that modeled natural or laboratory processes (in all the natural sciences), and did not refer to calculations done by computer generically.

Drug discovery with virtual screening[edit]

In silico study in medicine is thought to have the potential to speed the rate of discovery while reducing the need for expensive lab work and clinical trials. One way to achieve this is by producing and screening drug candidates more effectively. In 2010, for example, using the protein docking algorithm EADock (see Protein-ligand docking), researchers found potential inhibitors to an enzyme associated with cancer activity in silico. Fifty percent of the molecules were later shown to be active inhibitors in vitro.[6][7] This approach differs from use of expensive high-throughput screening (HTS) robotic labs to physically test thousands of diverse compounds a day often with an expected hit rate on the order of 1% or less with still fewer expected to be real leads following further testing (see drug discovery).

As an example, the technique was utilized for a drug repurposing study in order to search for potential cures for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2).[8]

Cell models[edit]

Efforts have been made to establish computer models of cellular behavior. For example, in 2007 researchers developed an in silico model of tuberculosis to aid in drug discovery, with the prime benefit of its being faster than real time simulated growth rates, allowing phenomena of interest to be observed in minutes rather than months.[9] More work can be found that focus on modeling a particular cellular process such as the growth cycle of Caulobacter crescentus.[10]

These efforts fall far short of an exact, fully predictive, computer model of a cell's entire behavior. Limitations in the understanding of molecular dynamics and cell biology as well as the absence of available computer processing power force large simplifying assumptions that constrain the usefulness of present in silico cell models, which are very important for in silico cancer research.[11]

Genetics[edit]

Digital genetic sequences obtained from DNA sequencing may be stored in sequence databases, be analyzed (see Sequence analysis), be digitally altered or be used as templates for creating new actual DNA using artificial gene synthesis.

Other examples[edit]

In silico computer-based modeling technologies have also been applied in:

  • Whole cell analysis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts e.g. E. coli, B. subtilis, yeast, CHO- or human cell lines
  • Discovery of potential cure for COVID-19. [12]
  • Bioprocess development and optimization e.g. optimization of product yields
  • Simulation of oncological clinical trials exploiting grid computing infrastructures, such as the European Grid Infrastructure, for improving the performance and effectiveness of the simulations.[13]
  • Analysis, interpretation and visualization of heterologous data sets from various sources e.g. genome, transcriptome or proteome data
  • Protein design. One example is RosettaDesign, a software package under development and free for academic use.[14][15][16][17]

See also[edit]


References[edit]

  1. ^'Google Groups'. groups.google.com. Retrieved 2020-01-05.
  2. ^Hameroff, S. R. (2014-04-11). Ultimate Computing: Biomolecular Consciousness and NanoTechnology. Elsevier. ISBN978-0-444-60009-7.
  3. ^Miramontes P. (1992) Un modelo de autómata celular para la evolución de los ácidos nucleicos [A cellular automaton model for the evolution of nucleic acids]. PhD Thesis. UNAM.
  4. ^Danchin, A; Médigue, C; Gascuel, O; Soldano, H; Hénaut, A (1991), 'From data banks to data bases', Research in Microbiology, 142 (7–8): 913–6, CiteSeerX10.1.1.637.3244, doi:10.1016/0923-2508(91)90073-J, PMID1784830
  5. ^Sieburg, H.B. (1990), 'Physiological Studies in silico', Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, 12: 321–342
  6. ^Röhrig, Ute F.; Awad, Loay; Grosdidier, AuréLien; Larrieu, Pierre; Stroobant, Vincent; Colau, Didier; Cerundolo, Vincenzo; Simpson, Andrew J. G.; et al. (2010), 'Rational Design of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Inhibitors', Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 53 (3): 1172–89, doi:10.1021/jm9014718, PMID20055453
  7. ^Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (2010, February 4). New computational tool for cancer treatment. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
  8. ^Lee, Vannajan Sanghiran; Chong, Wei Lim; Sukumaran, Sri Devi; Nimmanpipug, Pivarat; Letchumanan, Vengadesh; Goh, Bey Hing; Lee, Learn-Han; Md. Zain, Sharifuddin; Abd Rahman, Noorsaadah (2020). 'Computational screening and identifying binding interaction of anti-viral and anti-malarial drugs: Toward the potential cure for SARS-CoV-2'. Progress in Drug Discovery & Biomedical Science. 3. doi:10.36877/pddbs.a0000065.
  9. ^University Of Surrey. June 25, 2007. In Silico Cell For TB Drug Discovery. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
  10. ^Li, S; Brazhnik, P; Sobral, B; Tyson, JJ (2009). 'Temporal Controls of the Asymmetric Cell Division Cycle in Caulobacter crescentus'. PLOS Comput Biol. 5 (8): e1000463. Bibcode:2009PLSCB...5E0463L. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000463. PMC2714070. PMID19680425.
  11. ^JeanQuartier, Claire; Jeanquartier, Fleur; Jurisica, Igor; Holzinger, Andreas (2018). 'In silico cancer research towards 3R'. Springer/Nature BMC Cancer. 18 (1): e408. doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4302-0. PMC5897933. PMID29649981.
  12. ^Lee, Vannajan Sanghiran; Chong, Wei Lim; Sukumaran, Sri Devi; Nimmanpipug, Pivarat; Letchumanan, Vengadesh; Goh, Bey Hing; Lee, Learn-Han; Md. Zain, Sharifuddin; Abd Rahman, Noorsaadah (2020). 'Computational screening and identifying binding interaction of anti-viral and anti-malarial drugs: Toward the potential cure for SARS-CoV-2'. Progress in Drug Discovery & Biomedical Science. 3. doi:10.36877/pddbs.a0000065.
  13. ^Athanaileas, Theodoros; et al. (2011). 'Exploiting grid technologies for the simulation of clinical trials: the paradigm of in silico radiation oncology'. SIMULATION: Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International. 87 (10): 893–910. doi:10.1177/0037549710375437. S2CID206429690.
  14. ^Liu, Y; Kuhlman, B (July 2006), 'RosettaDesign server for protein design', Nucleic Acids Research, 34 (Web Server issue): W235–8, doi:10.1093/nar/gkl163, PMC1538902, PMID16845000
  15. ^Dantas, Gautam; Kuhlman, Brian; Callender, David; Wong, Michelle; Baker, David (2003), 'A Large Scale Test of Computational Protein Design: Folding and Stability of Nine Completely Redesigned Globular Proteins', Journal of Molecular Biology, 332 (2): 449–60, CiteSeerX10.1.1.66.8110, doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00888-X, PMID12948494.
  16. ^Dobson, N; Dantas, G; Baker, D; Varani, G (2006), 'High-Resolution Structural Validation of the Computational Redesign of Human U1A Protein', Structure, 14 (5): 847–56, doi:10.1016/j.str.2006.02.011, PMID16698546.
  17. ^Dantas, G; Corrent, C; Reichow, S; Havranek, J; Eletr, Z; Isern, N; Kuhlman, B; Varani, G; et al. (2007), 'High-resolution Structural and Thermodynamic Analysis of Extreme Stabilization of Human Procarboxypeptidase by Computational Protein Design', Journal of Molecular Biology, 366 (4): 1209–21, doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.11.080, PMC3764424, PMID17196978.

External links[edit]

Look up in silico in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • CADASTERSeventh Framework Programme project aimed to develop in silico computational methods to minimize experimental tests for REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_silico&oldid=1015943387'
A forest of synthetic pyramidaldendrites generated in silico using Cajal's laws of neuronal branching

In biology and other experimental sciences, an in silico experiment is one performed on computer or via computer simulation. The phrase is pseudo-Latin for 'in silicon', referring to silicon in computer chips. It was coined in 1987 as an allusion to the Latin phrases in vivo, in vitro, and in situ, which are commonly used in biology (especially systems biology). The latter phrases refer, respectively, to experiments done in living organisms, outside living organisms, and where they are found in nature.

History[edit]

The earliest known use of the phrase was by Christopher Langton to describe artificial life, in the announcement of a workshop on that subject at the Center for Nonlinear Studies at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1987.[1][2] The expression in silico was first used to characterize biological experiments carried out entirely in a computer in 1989, in the workshop 'Cellular Automata: Theory and Applications' in Los Alamos, New Mexico, by Pedro Miramontes, a mathematician from National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), presenting the report 'DNA and RNA Physicochemical Constraints, Cellular Automata and Molecular Evolution'. The work was later presented by Miramontes as his PhDdissertation.[3]

In silico has been used in white papers written to support the creation of bacterial genome programs by the Commission of the European Community. The first referenced paper where 'in silico' appears was written by a French team in 1991.[4] The first referenced book chapter where 'in silico' appears was written by Hans B. Sieburg in 1990 and presented during a Summer School on Complex Systems at the Santa Fe Institute.[5]

The phrase 'in silico' originally applied only to computer simulations that modeled natural or laboratory processes (in all the natural sciences), and did not refer to calculations done by computer generically.

Drug discovery with virtual screening[edit]

In silico study in medicine is thought to have the potential to speed the rate of discovery while reducing the need for expensive lab work and clinical trials. One way to achieve this is by producing and screening drug candidates more effectively. In 2010, for example, using the protein docking algorithm EADock (see Protein-ligand docking), researchers found potential inhibitors to an enzyme associated with cancer activity in silico. Fifty percent of the molecules were later shown to be active inhibitors in vitro.[6][7] This approach differs from use of expensive high-throughput screening (HTS) robotic labs to physically test thousands of diverse compounds a day often with an expected hit rate on the order of 1% or less with still fewer expected to be real leads following further testing (see drug discovery).

Silicio

As an example, the technique was utilized for a drug repurposing study in order to search for potential cures for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2).[8]

Cell models[edit]

Efforts have been made to establish computer models of cellular behavior. For example, in 2007 researchers developed an in silico model of tuberculosis to aid in drug discovery, with the prime benefit of its being faster than real time simulated growth rates, allowing phenomena of interest to be observed in minutes rather than months.[9] More work can be found that focus on modeling a particular cellular process such as the growth cycle of Caulobacter crescentus.[10]

These efforts fall far short of an exact, fully predictive, computer model of a cell's entire behavior. Limitations in the understanding of molecular dynamics and cell biology as well as the absence of available computer processing power force large simplifying assumptions that constrain the usefulness of present in silico cell models, which are very important for in silico cancer research.[11]

Genetics[edit]

Digital genetic sequences obtained from DNA sequencing may be stored in sequence databases, be analyzed (see Sequence analysis), be digitally altered or be used as templates for creating new actual DNA using artificial gene synthesis.

Silicio En La Biblia

Other examples[edit]

Silicio Slenis

In silico computer-based modeling technologies have also been applied in:

  • Whole cell analysis of prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts e.g. E. coli, B. subtilis, yeast, CHO- or human cell lines
  • Discovery of potential cure for COVID-19. [12]
  • Bioprocess development and optimization e.g. optimization of product yields
  • Simulation of oncological clinical trials exploiting grid computing infrastructures, such as the European Grid Infrastructure, for improving the performance and effectiveness of the simulations.[13]
  • Analysis, interpretation and visualization of heterologous data sets from various sources e.g. genome, transcriptome or proteome data
  • Protein design. One example is RosettaDesign, a software package under development and free for academic use.[14][15][16][17]

See also[edit]


References[edit]

  1. ^'Google Groups'. groups.google.com. Retrieved 2020-01-05.
  2. ^Hameroff, S. R. (2014-04-11). Ultimate Computing: Biomolecular Consciousness and NanoTechnology. Elsevier. ISBN978-0-444-60009-7.
  3. ^Miramontes P. (1992) Un modelo de autómata celular para la evolución de los ácidos nucleicos [A cellular automaton model for the evolution of nucleic acids]. PhD Thesis. UNAM.
  4. ^Danchin, A; Médigue, C; Gascuel, O; Soldano, H; Hénaut, A (1991), 'From data banks to data bases', Research in Microbiology, 142 (7–8): 913–6, CiteSeerX10.1.1.637.3244, doi:10.1016/0923-2508(91)90073-J, PMID1784830
  5. ^Sieburg, H.B. (1990), 'Physiological Studies in silico', Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, 12: 321–342
  6. ^Röhrig, Ute F.; Awad, Loay; Grosdidier, AuréLien; Larrieu, Pierre; Stroobant, Vincent; Colau, Didier; Cerundolo, Vincenzo; Simpson, Andrew J. G.; et al. (2010), 'Rational Design of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Inhibitors', Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 53 (3): 1172–89, doi:10.1021/jm9014718, PMID20055453
  7. ^Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (2010, February 4). New computational tool for cancer treatment. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
  8. ^Lee, Vannajan Sanghiran; Chong, Wei Lim; Sukumaran, Sri Devi; Nimmanpipug, Pivarat; Letchumanan, Vengadesh; Goh, Bey Hing; Lee, Learn-Han; Md. Zain, Sharifuddin; Abd Rahman, Noorsaadah (2020). 'Computational screening and identifying binding interaction of anti-viral and anti-malarial drugs: Toward the potential cure for SARS-CoV-2'. Progress in Drug Discovery & Biomedical Science. 3. doi:10.36877/pddbs.a0000065.
  9. ^University Of Surrey. June 25, 2007. In Silico Cell For TB Drug Discovery. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
  10. ^Li, S; Brazhnik, P; Sobral, B; Tyson, JJ (2009). 'Temporal Controls of the Asymmetric Cell Division Cycle in Caulobacter crescentus'. PLOS Comput Biol. 5 (8): e1000463. Bibcode:2009PLSCB...5E0463L. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000463. PMC2714070. PMID19680425.
  11. ^JeanQuartier, Claire; Jeanquartier, Fleur; Jurisica, Igor; Holzinger, Andreas (2018). 'In silico cancer research towards 3R'. Springer/Nature BMC Cancer. 18 (1): e408. doi:10.1186/s12885-018-4302-0. PMC5897933. PMID29649981.
  12. ^Lee, Vannajan Sanghiran; Chong, Wei Lim; Sukumaran, Sri Devi; Nimmanpipug, Pivarat; Letchumanan, Vengadesh; Goh, Bey Hing; Lee, Learn-Han; Md. Zain, Sharifuddin; Abd Rahman, Noorsaadah (2020). 'Computational screening and identifying binding interaction of anti-viral and anti-malarial drugs: Toward the potential cure for SARS-CoV-2'. Progress in Drug Discovery & Biomedical Science. 3. doi:10.36877/pddbs.a0000065.
  13. ^Athanaileas, Theodoros; et al. (2011). 'Exploiting grid technologies for the simulation of clinical trials: the paradigm of in silico radiation oncology'. SIMULATION: Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International. 87 (10): 893–910. doi:10.1177/0037549710375437. S2CID206429690.
  14. ^Liu, Y; Kuhlman, B (July 2006), 'RosettaDesign server for protein design', Nucleic Acids Research, 34 (Web Server issue): W235–8, doi:10.1093/nar/gkl163, PMC1538902, PMID16845000
  15. ^Dantas, Gautam; Kuhlman, Brian; Callender, David; Wong, Michelle; Baker, David (2003), 'A Large Scale Test of Computational Protein Design: Folding and Stability of Nine Completely Redesigned Globular Proteins', Journal of Molecular Biology, 332 (2): 449–60, CiteSeerX10.1.1.66.8110, doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00888-X, PMID12948494.
  16. ^Dobson, N; Dantas, G; Baker, D; Varani, G (2006), 'High-Resolution Structural Validation of the Computational Redesign of Human U1A Protein', Structure, 14 (5): 847–56, doi:10.1016/j.str.2006.02.011, PMID16698546.
  17. ^Dantas, G; Corrent, C; Reichow, S; Havranek, J; Eletr, Z; Isern, N; Kuhlman, B; Varani, G; et al. (2007), 'High-resolution Structural and Thermodynamic Analysis of Extreme Stabilization of Human Procarboxypeptidase by Computational Protein Design', Journal of Molecular Biology, 366 (4): 1209–21, doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.11.080, PMC3764424, PMID17196978.

External links[edit]

Look up in silico in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Silicio Catolico

  • CADASTERSeventh Framework Programme project aimed to develop in silico computational methods to minimize experimental tests for REACH Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals

Silicio Significado Biblico

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_silico&oldid=1015943387'